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Asturian -tá, Portuguese -dade, Galician -dade, Catalan -tat, French té, Italian -ità, Aromanian -tati, Romanian -tate
Ancient Greek -της (tes)
Sanskrit -tāti
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Portuguese dona, donzela, Galician dona, doncela, Catalan dona, donzella, French dame, demoiselle, Italian donna, dama, Aromanian doamnã, Romanian doamnă, damă, Sardinian dòna
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Asturian dañar, Portuguese danar, Galician danar, French damner, Italian dannare, Romanian damna, dăuna
Superficially similar to Semitic words for sacrificial meat and sacrificed animals. A reconstruction in Proto-Semitic *d-b-ḥ- would imply a loan (cf. ð-b-H- in Möller 1970).
"Damnare means to afflict a damnum on somebody, a curtailment of his resources; from this stems the legal notion of damnare ‘to condemn’." ~ E. Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society (1973)
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Asturian dañu, Portuguese dano, Galician dano, Catalan dany, French dam, Romanian daună, Sardinian dànnu
Old Norse tafn "sacrificial animal"
Armenian tawn "feast"
Akkadian zību, Ugaritic dbḥ, Hebrew zeḇaḥ, Ethiopian zabHa
"In historic times there remains only damnum with the derived sense of “injury sustained, what is taken away by forcible seizure.” It is the expense to which one is condemned by circumstances or by certain legal stipulations. The peasant spirit and the legal exactitude of the Romans transformed the ancient conception: ostentatious expenditure became no more than an outright expenditure, what constitutes a loss." ~ E. Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society (1973)
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Asturian dar, Portuguese dar, Galician dar, Catalan dar, Italian dare, Aromanian dau, dari Romanian da, dare, Sardinian dare
Oscan didet "will give," Umbrian teřa "gives," Paelignian datas "given," Venetic doto "gave," Vestian didet "gives," Pre-Samnite tetet "gave," Marsian ded "given"
Old Irish do-rata "giveable"
Albanian (archaic) dhae
Old Church Slavonic dati, Lithuanian dúoti
Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídomi)
Armenian tam
Sanskrit dádāti, Young Avestan daδāiti
For the origin of irregular form doy "I am," see -oy.
The root *deh3- meant both give and take at once, and the root probably ment "to stretch out one's hand" in Pre-Proto-Indo-European. As one linguist wrote on this root: "The root *dō- means “give” in all Indo-European languages. However, there is one language which fails to conform to this definition: in Hittite, dā- means “take” and pai- ‘give’... The notion of “give” and “take” are thus linked in prehistoric Indo-European." ~ E. Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society (1973)
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French dé
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Asturian de, Portuguese de, Galician de, Catalan de, French de, Italian di, Eastern Vuglar Latin Aromanian di, Romanian de
Oscan dat, Umbrian da-, Faliscian de (borrowed from Latin?)
Old Irish de, Old Welsh di
Old High German zuo "to," Old Saxon tō 'id.,' English to
Ancient Greek δή (dé) "even"
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Old Irish de, Old Welsh di
Old High German zuo "to," Old Saxon tō 'id.,' English to
Ancient Greek δή (dé) "even"
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