Asturian cansar, Portuguese cansar, Galician cansar, Catalan cansar, Italian cansare
Penny (2002) notes that cansar is a particularly interesting archaism in Spanish. Because the Romans entered the Iberian peninsula and began the process of Latinization at such an early date (~3rd cent. BCE), the Latin dialect of the peninsula inherited a number of archaic vocabulary terms. Cansar is one such item, not found in Latin literature after the 2nd cent. BCE but evidently preserved in the dialect of Latin to become Spanish.
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Asturian cantar, Portuguese cantar, Galician cantar, Catalan cançó, French chanter, Italian cantare, Aromanian cãntu, Romanian cânta, Sardinian cantari
Old Irish canaid "sings," Welsh canu "to sing"
Gothic hana "cock," "rooster," Crimean Gothic ano 'id.,' Old Norse hani 'id.,' Old High German hano 'id.,' Old Saxon hano 'id.,' Old English hana 'id.'
Ancient Greek κᾰνᾰχέειν (kanakhéin) "to ring"
Sanskrit kaṇati "sing," Persian xândan 'id.'
Basque kantu "song," kantatu "to sing," borrowed from cantar
Originally canare meant "to sing" while cantare, with -tare added, was more forceful. Over time the impact of cantare was lost and began to match the meaning of canare. Thus, canare was replaced by cantare. When later speakers wanted to give force and frequency to the verb, they once again added -tare to cantare to form cantitare - unaware that their ancestors had created cantare from canare to fulfill that purpose. Cantitare has not survived in Spanish.
The Proto-Indo-European root behind cantar "prevailed only in Italic and Celtic, where it is associated with charms and spells as well as poetry. ...Latin cano, canto, cantus, carmen < *can-men, all of magical incantations as well as of singing in general." ~ M. West, Indo-European Poetry and Myth (2007)
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Asturian capa, Portuguese capa, Galician capa, Catalan capa, French chape, Italian cappa, Aromanian capã, Romanian capă
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Asturian cabra, Portuguese cabra, Galician cabra, Catalan cabra, French chèvre, Italian capra, Aromanian caprã, Romanian capră, Sardinian craba
Umbrian kaprum
Gaulish gabrus, Old Irish caera "sheep" (from *kapera-), gabor, Middle Welsh gauar, Old Breton gabr, Old Cornish gauar
Old Norse hafr, Old English hæfer
Ancient Greek κάπρος (kápros) "boar"
Sanskrit kápṛth (?) "penis"
Note the variation between *ka- and *ga- in Celtic (cf. Old Irish caera "sheep" and gabor "roebuck"). Additionally, note the variation between *-b- in Celtic and *-p- in Greek and Latin. There is no way to explain the interchange between *ka- ~ *ga- and *-p- and *-b- from within Indo-European. The words must come from a non-Indo-European source or sources.
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Asturian cara, Portuguese cara, Galician cara, Catalan cara
Latin cerebrum (whence cerebro)
Old Norse hjarni "brain," Old English hærn (English harns)
Ancient Greek κέρας (kéras) "drinking horn," "horn trumpet" (< *ḱer-h2-s-)
Armenian sar
Sanskrit śíras-, Young Avestan sarah-
Only Western Romance languages preserved the Latin word cara while Eastern Romance preferred the Vulgar Latin term *facia (also in Modern Spanish as faz).
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Asturian (dialects) carayu, Portuguese caralho, Galician carallo, Catalan carall
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Old Norse herjann "raider," a name of Odin
Lithuanian kãras "war"
Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos) "lord commander"
Old Persian kāra "army"
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